Anatomy+& Physiology

 "The learner will . . ." || **Standard(s)** || **No. of Days** || **Vocabulary Terms** || **Resources** || **Student Learning Activities** || **Assessment** || **Language Arts Standard(s)** || to Human Anatomy and Physiology || Identify some early discoveries that lead to our understanding of the human body.
 * Teachers** (list)**: S. Adams, L. O'Kief**
 * Textbook** (title, publisher, copyright date): Hole's Human Anatomy; McGraw-Hill; 2010
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 * **Unit** || **Objective:**
 * 1. Introduction

Explain how anatomy and physiology are related.

List the levels of organization and the characteristics of each

Be able to explain what is needed to maintain life.

Be able to explain the organization of the human body.

Begin Anatomical terminology. || 12.1.2.a Recognize that scientific explanations must be open to questions, possible modifications, and must be based upon historical and current scientific knowledge

12.1.2.b Describe how society influences the work of scientists and how science, technology, and current scientific discoveries influence and change society || 5 || Anatomy, Physiology, Macromolecules, Subatomic particles, Organelles, Metabolism, Homeostasis, Receptors, Control center, Set point, Effectors, Negative feedback, Axial portion, Appendicular portion, Viscera, Serous membranes, Pleural membranes, Pericardial membranes, Anatomical position, Superior, Inferior, Anterior, Posterior, Medial, Lateral, Bilateral, Ipsilateral, Contralateral, Proximal, Distal, Superficial, Peripheral, Sagittal, Transverse, Frontal || Text, Digital resources, || Worksheets, Questions, Interactive labs, Web Quests || Tests, Quizzes, Lab practicals, Projects ||  ||
 * 2. Chemical Basis of Life || Be able to give examples of how the study of living materials requires an understanding of chemistry.

Describe how atomic structure determines how atoms interact.

Describe three types of chemical reactions.

Describe the differences among acids, bases, and buffers.

Explain the pH scale.

List the major groups of inorganic chemicals common in cells.

Describe the general functions of the main classes of organic molecules in cells. || 12.3.1 Students will investigate and describe the chemical basis of the growth, development, and maintenance of cells

12.3.1.a Identify the complex molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) that make up living organisms

12.2.1.d Recognize a large number of chemical reactions involve the transfer of either electrons (oxidation/reduction) or hydrogen ions (acid/base) between reacting ions, molecules, or atoms

12.2.1.e Identify factors affecting rates of chemical reactions (temperature, particle size, surface area)

12.2.1.a Recognize bonding occurs when outer electrons are transferred (ionic) or shared (covalent) || 7 || Biochemistry, Elements, Compounds, Bulk elements, Trace elements, Atoms, Chemical bonds, Molecule, Molecular formula, Electron shells, Octet rule, Inert, Ions, Cations, Anions, Ionic bonds, Covalent bonds, Hydrogen bonds, Structural formulas, Polar, Electrolytes, Acids, Bases, pH, Alkalosis, Acidosis, Buffers, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Enzymes, Amino acids, Conformations, Nucleotides, DNA, RNA, || Text, Digital resources, || Worksheets, Questions, Interactive labs, Web Quests || Tests, Quizzes, Lab practicals, Projects ||  ||
 * 3. Cells || Explain how cells differ from one another.

Describe the general characteristics of a composite cell.

Explain how the components of a cell's membrane provide its functions.

Describe each organelle and its function.

Explain how substances move into and out of cells.

Describe the cell cycle and explain how cells divide.

Explain how stem cells and progenitor cells make possible growth and repair of tissues.

Explain how two differentiated cell types can have the same genetic information but different appearances and functions. || 12.3.1.b Identify the form and function of sub-cellular structures that regulate cellular activities

12.3.1.c Describe the cellular functions of photosynthesis, respiration, cell division, protein synthesis, transport of materials, and energy capture/release

12.3.1.d Describe how an organism senses changes in its internal or external environment and responds to ensure survival

12.3.1 Students will investigate and describe the chemical basis of the growth, development, and maintenance of cells. || 15 || Differentiated, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Cell membrane, Cytosol, Signal transduction, Cellular adhesion molecules (CAM), Cytoskeleton, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Vesicles, Golgi apparatus, Mitochondria, Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Centrosome, Cilia, Flagella, Microfilaments, Microtubules, Nuclear envelope, Nuclear pore, Chromatin, Chromosomes, Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, Osmosis, Isotonic, Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Filtration, Active transport, Endocytosis, Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis, Exocytosis, Transcytosis, Cell cycle, Mitosis, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis, Oncogenes, Stem cell, Progenitor cell, Totipotent, Pluriopotent || Text, Digital resources, || Worksheets, Questions, Interactive labs, Web Quests || Tests, Quizzes, Lab practicals, Projects ||  ||
 * 4. Tissues || Describe how cells are organized into tissues, and identify the intercellular junctions.

List the four major tissue types in the body.

Explain how glands are classified.

Describe the general functions of each of the four types of tissues. || 12.3.1.b Identify the form and function of sub-cellular structures that regulate cellular activities

12.3.1.a Identify the complex molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) that make up living organisms || 5 || Tissues, Intercellular junctions, Tight junctions, Gap junctions, Desmosome, Histology, Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, Nervous tissue, Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, Simple, Stratified, Psuedostratified, Exocrine glands, Endocrine glands, Merocrine glands, Apocrine glands, Holocrine glands, Extracellular matrix, Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Mast cells, Collagenous fibers, Ligaments, Tendons, Elastic fibers, Chondrocytes, Epithelial membranes, Serous membranes, Mucous membranes, Synovial membrane, Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle, Cardiac muscle, Nervous tissue || Text, Digital resources, || Worksheets, Questions, Interactive labs, Web Quests || Tests, Quizzes, Lab practicals, Projects ||  || System || List the general functions of the skin.
 * 5. Integumentary

Describe the structures of the layers of skin.

Describe the accessory structures and their functions associated with the skin.

Explain how the skin helps regulate body temperature.

Describe wound healing.

Distinguish among the types of burns and how each type heals. || 12.3.1.d Describe how an organism senses changes in its internal or external environment and responds toensure survival.

12.3.1.b Identify the form and function of sub-cellular structures that regulate cellular activities

12.3.4.a Identify different types of adaptations necessary for survival (morphological, physiological, behavioral) || 10 || Integumentary system, Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous layer, Keratinization, Melanocytes, Melanin, Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner's corpuscles, Krause's end bulbs, Nails, Hair follicle, Eumelanin, Pheomelanin, Sebaceous glands, Arrector pili muscles, Eccrine glands, Apocrine glands, Radiation, Conduction, Convection, Evaporation, 1st degree burns, 2nd degree burns, 3rd degree burns, || Text, Digital resources, || Worksheets, Questions, Interactive labs, Web Quests || Tests, Quizzes, Lab practicals, Projects ||  || System || Discuss living tissues found in bone even though it appears to be inert.
 * 6. Skeletal

Classify bones according to their shapes.

Describe the macroscopic and microscopic structure of a long bone and functions of each part.

Distinguish between intramembranous and endochondral bones and explain how each develop.

Describe the effects of sunlight, nutrition, hormones, and exercise affect bone development.

Locate and identify the bones of the body. || 12.3.4.a Identify different types of adaptations necessary for survival (morphological, physiological, behavioral)

12.3.1.b Identify the form and function of sub-cellular structures that regulate cellular activities

12.3.1.c Describe the cellular functions of photosynthesis, respiration, cell division, protein synthesis, transport of materials, and energy capture/release || 15 || Skeletal system, Long bones, Flat bones, Short bones, Irregular bones, Sesamoid bones, Epiphysis, Articular cartilage, Diaphysis, Periosteum, Compact bone, Spongy bone, Trabeculae, Medullary cavity, Endosteum, Marrow Osteocytes, Osteon, Intramembranous bones, Osteoblasts, Endochondral bones, Epiphyseal plate, Osteoclasts, Bone remodeling, Growth hormones, Hematopoiesis, Hemoglobin, Axial skeleton, Appendicular skeleton, Fontanels, Thoracic cage, Pectoral girdle, Pelvic girdle, || Text, Digital resources || Worksheets, Questions, Interactive labs, Web Quests || Tests, Quizzes, Lab practicals, Projects ||  ||
 * 8. Joints of the Skeletal System || Explain the function of joints.

Explain the classification of joints.

Describe how different types of bones are held together by different types of joints.

Explain the general structure of a synovial joint as well as the movements available to each type of synovial joint.

Explain life time changes that occur in joints. || 12.3.1.b Identify the form and function of sub-cellular structures that regulate cellular activities

12.3.1 Students will investigate and describe the chemical basis of the growth, development, and maintenance of cells.

12.3.4.a Identify different types of adaptations necessary for survival (morphological, physiological, behavioral) || 5 || Fibrous joints, Syndesmosis, Suture, Gomphosis, Cartilaginous joints, Synchondrosis, Symphysis, Synovial joints, Articular cartilage, Joint capsule, Ligaments, Synovial membrane, Synovial fluid, Menisci, Bursae, Ball and socket joint, Condylar joint, Plane joint, Hinge joint, Pivot joint, Saddle joint, Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, Abduction, Adduction, Rotation, Supination, Pronation, Eversion, Inversion, Protraction, Retraction, Elevation, Depression || Text, Digital resources || Worksheets, Questions, Interactive labs, Web Quests || Tests, Quizzes, Lab practicals, Projects ||  ||
 * 9. Muscular System || List the various outcomes of muscle actions.

Describe the structure of a skeletal muscle.

Name the major parts of a skeletal muscle fiber and describe the functions of each.

Describe the neural control of a muscle fiber.

Identify the major events of a skeletal muscle contraction and the energy sources required to fuel it.

Explain how various types of muscle contractions produce body movements and maintain posture.

Distinguish between the structures and functions of a multiunit smooth muscle and a visceral smooth muscle.

Compare the contraction mechanism between a skeletal muscle and a cardiac muscle.

Explain how the attachments, locations, and interactions of skeletal muscles make possible certain movements.

Describe age related changes to muscles and how exercise can help maintain a healthy muscular system as we age. || 12.3.1.b Identify the form and function of sub-cellular structures that regulate cellular activities

12.3.1 Students will investigate and describe the chemical basis of the growth, development, and maintenance of cells.

12.3.4.a Identify different types of adaptations necessary for survival (morphological, physiological, behavioral) || 25 || Fascia, Tendon, Aponeuroses, Myofibrils, Myosin, Actin, Sarcomeres, Titin, Troponin, Tropomyosin, Motor neurons, Synapse, Neurotransmitters, Sarcoplasmic reticulum, Transverse tubules, Cisternae, Triad, Neuromuscular junction, Motor end plate, Motor unit, Synaptic cleft, Acetylcholine, Muscle impulse, Sliding filament model, ATPase, Creatine phosphate, Myoglobin, Lactic acid threshold, Oxygen debt, Threshold stimulus, Twitch, Latent period, Summation, Tetanic contraction, Recruitment, Muscle tone, Isotonic, Concentric, Eccentric contraction, Isometric, Multiunit smooth muscle, Visceral smooth muscle, Peristalsis, Origin, Insertion, Prime mover (agonist), Synergist, Antagonists, Atrophy || Text, Digital resources || Worksheets, Questions, Interactive labs, Web Quests || Tests, Quizzes, Lab practicals, Projects ||  ||
 * 10. Nervous System || Describe the general functions of the nervous system.

Identify the two major groups of nervous system organs.

List the functions of sensory receptors.

Describe the nervous system responds to stimuli.

Identify the structural and functional differences among neurons.

Identify the types of neuroglia in the central nervous system and their functions.

Explain how a stimulus is sent to a muscle.

Explain what happens to membrane potential as a signal is sent.

Describe the basic ways in which the nervous system processes information. || 12.3.1.b Identify the form and function of sub-cellular structures that regulate cellular activities

12.3.1 Students will investigate and describe the chemical basis of the growth, development, and maintenance of cells.

12.3.4.a Identify different types of adaptations necessary for survival (morphological, physiological, behavioral) || 15 || Neurons, Neuroglia, Dendrites, Axon, Nerve impulses, Nerves, Synapse, Neurotransmitters, Central nervous system, Peripheral nervous system, Sensory receptors, Cell body, Neurofibrils, Synaptic cleft, Schwann cells, Myelin, Neurilemma, Nodes of Ranvier, Oligodendrocyte, Ganglia, Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependyma, Satelllite cells, Presynaptic neuron, Postsynaptic neuron, Membrane potential, Resting potential, Threshold potential, Action potential, Trigger zone, Refractory period, Saltatory conduction, Acetylcholinesterase, Neuropeptides, Facilitation, Convergence, || Text, Digital resources || Worksheets, Questions, Interactive labs, Web Quests || Tests, Quizzes, Lab practicals, Projects ||  ||
 * 11. Endocrine System || Explain what makes a cell a target cell for hormones.

Describe how hormones can be classified according to their chemical composition.

Discuss how negative feedback mechanisms regulate hormone secretions.

Describe the actions of the various hormones and their contributions to homeostasis.

Distinguish between physical and psychological stress. || 12.3.1.b Identify the form and function of sub-cellular structures that regulate cellular activities

12.3.1 Students will investigate and describe the chemical basis of the growth, development, and maintenance of cells.

12.3.4.a Identify different types of adaptations necessary for survival (morphological, physiological, behavioral) || 10 || Endocrine system, Hormones, Target cells, Paracrine, Autocrine, Exocrine, Aldosterone, Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate, Adenylate cyclase, Protein kinases, Steroids, Growth hormone, Erythropoietin, Prostaglandins, Negative feedback, Tropic hormones, Pituitary gland, Thyroid stimulating hormone, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone, Antidiuretic hormone, Oxytocin, Thyroid gland, Thyroxine, Calcitonin, Parathyroid gland, Adrenal medulla, Adrenal cortex, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Aldosterone, Cortisol, Glucagon, Insulin, Pineal gland, Somatostatin, Stressor, || Text, Digital resources || Worksheets, Questions,Interactive labs, Web Quests || Tests, Quizzes, Lab practicals, Projects ||  ||
 * 12. Blood and Circulatory Systems || Describe the general characteristics of blood and its major functions.

Distinguish among the formed elements of blood and the liquid components.

Describe the origin of blood cells.

Explain the significance of blood cell counts, and how they are used to diagnose disease.

Describe the functions of plasma.

Define hemostasis and explain the mechanisms that regulate it.

Explain blood typing and how it is used to avoid adverse reactions.

Distinguish between the various coverings of the heart and the layers that compose the wall of the heart.

Identify and locate the major portions of the heart, and the functions of each.

Explain the cardiac cycle and the pathway of blood through the heart.

Compare the structures and functions of the major types of blood vessels.

Explain how blood pressure is produced and controlled.

Identify and locate the major arteries and veins. || 12.3.1.b Identify the form and function of sub-cellular structures that regulate cellular activities

12.3.1 Students will investigate and describe the chemical basis of the growth, development, and maintenance of cells.

12.3.4.a Identify different types of adaptations necessary for survival (morphological, physiological, behavioral) || 25 || Hematocrit, Packed cell volume, Plasma, Hematopoietic stem cells, Megakaryocytes, Erythrocytes, Hemoglobin, Erythropoietin, Anemia, Biliverdin, Bilirubin, Leukocytes, Interlukins, Colony-stimulating factors, Granulocytes, Agranulocytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes, Diapedesis, Thrombocytes, Serotonin, Plasma Proteins, Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen, Positive feedback system, Thrombus, Embolus, Embolism, Antigens, Antibodies, Rh group,

Pulmonary circuit, Systemic circuit, Pericardium, Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium, Atria, Auricles, Ventricles, Atrioventricular orifice, Tricuspid valve, Papillary muscles, Pulmonary valve, Mitral valve, Aortic valve, Coronary arteries, Cardiac veins, Coronary sinus, Systolic, Diastolic, Cardiac cycle, Sinoatrial node, Pacemaker, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers, Electrocardiogram, Arteries, Arterioles, Vasoconstriction, Vasodilation, Capillaires, Venules, Veins, Stroke volume, Cardiac output, Blood volume, Peripheral resistance, Viscosity, || Text, Digital resources || Worksheets, Questions, Interactive labs, Web Quests || Tests, Quizzes, Lab practicals, Projects ||  ||
 * 13. Respiratory System || Identify the general functions of the respiratory system.

Name and describe the organs necessary for respiration and be able to describe their functions.

Explain how inspiration and expiration are accomplished.

Describe each of the respiratory air volumes and capacities.

Explain the control of normal breathing.

Describe gas exchange in the pulmonary and systemic circuits and how blood transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. || 12.3.1.b Identify the form and function of sub-cellular structures that regulate cellular activities 12.3.1 Students will investigate and describe the chemical basis of the growth, development, and maintenance of cells.

12.3.4.a Identify different types of adaptations necessary for survival (morphological, physiological, behavioral) || 5 || Respiration, Nasal cavity, Nasal septum, Pharynx, Larynx, Epiglottis, Glottis, Bronchial tree, Secondary bronchi, Alveolar ducts, Alveolar sacs, Alveoli, Hilum, Pleural cavity, Lobules, Inspiration, Expiration, Surfactant, Respiratory volumes, Respiratory cycle, Tidal volume, Inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, Vital capacity, Respiratory areas, Partial pressures, Central chemoreceptors, Hyperventilation, Oxyhemoglobin, Carbaminohemoglobin, Bicarbonate ions || Text, Digital resources || Worksheets, Questions, Interactive labs, Web Quests || Tests, Quizzes, Lab practicals, Projects ||  ||
 * 14. Digestive System || Describe the general functions of the digestive system.

Describe the structure of the wall of the alimentary canal.

Explain the functions of each of the organs involved in the digestive system.

Identify the function of eaach enzyme secreted by the digestive organs and glands.

Describe how such enzymes are regulated.

Explain how the products of digestion are absorbed. || 12.3.1.b Identify the form and function of sub-cellular structures that regulate cellular activities

12.3.1 Students will investigate and describe the chemical basis of the growth, development, and maintenance of cells.

12.3.4.a Identify different types of adaptations necessary for survival (morphological, physiological, behavioral) || 10 || Alimentary canal, Mucosa, Lumen, Submucosa, Muscular layer, Serosa, Segmentation, Peristalsis, Lingual frenulum, Papillae, Palate, Tonsils,Salivary amylase, Parotid glands, Submandibular glands, Sublingual glands, Pharynx, Bolus, Esophageal sphincter, Pyloric sphincter, Pepsin, Pepsinogen, Intrinsic factor, Gastrin, Chyme, Enterogastric reflex, Amylase, Lipase, Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Caboxypeptidase, Hepatic sinusoids, Kupffer cells, Hepatic ducts, Bile, Emulsification, Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Mesentery, Ileocecal sphincter, || Text, Digital resources || Worksheets, Questions, Interactive labs, Web Quests || Tests, Quizzes, Lab practicals, Projects ||  ||
 * 15. Nutrition and Metabolism || Distinguish between nutrition, nutrients, and essential nutrients.

List the major sources of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

Describe how cells use the energy sources available to it.

Identify examples of positive and negative nitrogen balance.

Explain the factors that affect an individual's energy requiremnents.

Contrast the physiological impact of positive and negative energy balance.

List the fat and water soluble vitamins and functions of each.

List the major minerals and trace elements and summarize the general functions of each

Distinguish between primary and secondary malnutrition. || 12.3.1.b Identify the form and function of sub-cellular structures that regulate cellular activities

12.3.1 Students will investigate and describe the chemical basis of the growth, development, and maintenance of cells.

12.3.4.a Identify different types of adaptations necessary for survival (morphological, physiological, behavioral) || 12 || Macronutrients, Micronutrients, Nutrition, Metabolism, Essential nutrients, Leptin, Ghrelin, Cellulose, Ketone bodies, Essential fatty acids, Deamination, Urea, Essential amino acids, Complete proteins, Dynamic equilibrium, Nitrogen balance, Calories, Basal metabolic rate, Energy balance, Body mass index, Obesity, Provitamins, Antioxidants, Major minerals, Trace elements, Food pyramids, Malnutrition, Marasmus, Kwashiorkor, Ascites, Macronutrients, Anorexia, Bulemia || Text, Digital resources || Worksheets, Questions, Interactive labs, Web Quests || Tests, Quizzes, Lab practicals, Projects ||  ||